Evolving Strategies for Environmental Management in Asia: From Command-and-Control to Voluntary Compliance

This article recognises that environmental issues and problems have intensified in recent decades and that national environmental policies in Asia dealing with the environment vary considerably. Three strategies for environmental management have evolved. The traditional command-and-control system of setting regulations and enforcing them has been difficult to implement. New strategies include the design of economic incentives to reduce overall pollution levels and the promotion of the voluntary ISO 14000 environmental management system.