Sub-picomolar label-free detection of thrombin using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of aptamer-functionalized MoS ₂

) for selective and specific capture of thrombin was demonstrated both in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human serum. The optimized immunoassay enabled the detection of thrombin ranging from 267 fM to 267 pM in phosphate buffer. The limit of detection of 53 pM and the linear dynamic range of detection of thrombin ranged from 53 to 854 pM in human serum. The rapid response time for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy signal makes it an attractive option for the real-time detection of thrombin based point-of-care diagnostic devices.