Cardiac tamponade

Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening condition that results from accumulation of intrapericardial fluid or air, leading to impaired cardiac filling and consequent reduction of cardiac output. There are many causes, best categorised as non‐traumatic and traumatic. The diagnosis is most commonly made on echocardiographic evidence of effusion together with the clinical findings. Clinical findings, however, are non‐specific and often unreliable especially early in the process of cardiac tamponade. A high index of suspicion must therefore be maintained. Definitive treatment consists of pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage, the choice of which will depend upon the urgency of the situation, the aetiology and the available facilities and personnel.