A kinetic template effect directs selection in competitive self-assembly of tetracationic cyclophanes (represented by a circle) containing meta- or para-linked 4,4′-bipyridinium and/or bis(4-pyridinium)ethylene units in the presence of competing crown ether templates (represented by a square or a triangle). The cyclophane fragments first couple covalently to form an intermediate (represented by an arc), and then the molecular recognition event strings the crown ether before the rate-determining second covalent bond formation closes the ring.
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Amabilino et al. (1995) studied this question.
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