Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus—Report 2: Diabetic Kidney Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters evaluated in the study. (A): Vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD). (B): Foveal avascular zone parameters (A: area, P: perimeter, C: circularity). OCTA quantifications were performed by the device built-in commercial software (AngioPlex Metrix, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA).

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  Figure 2. Prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria category, as per the “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) 2012 classification. Green, low risk (if no other markers of kidney disease, no CKD); yellow, moderately increased risk; orange, high risk; red, very high risk. (CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). Table created using KDIGO CKD Workgroup Guidelines [3].

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  Figure 3. Consolidated standard of reporting trials (CONSORT)-style flow chart describing included and excluded patients and eyes in the study.

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  Figure 4. Vessel density, perfusion Density and kidney function tests, subgroup analysis by glomerular filtration rate (top row), albumin-creatinine ratio (middle row) and chronic kidney disease prognosis (bottom row) categories. p-values from the generalized estimating equation (GEE) adjusted by age, gender, signal strength index (SSI), axial length, duration of diabetes mellitus disease and grade of diabetic retinopathy. p-values for multiple comparisons adjusted using the Bonferroni method, 2 × 2 comparisons with p < 0.05: a vs. Control; b vs. G1/A1/Low risk; c vs. G2/A2/Moderate Risk. (CKD: chronic kidney disease, KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes).

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  Figure 5. Foveal avascular zone area, perimeter and circularity and kidney function tests, subgroup analysis by glomerular filtration rate (top row), albumin-creatinine ratio (middle row) and chronic kidney disease prognosis (bottom row) categories. p-values from the generalized estimating equation (GEE) adjusted by age, gender, signal strength index (SSI), axial length, duration of diabetes mellitus disease and grade of diabetic retinopathy. p-values for multiple comparisons adjusted using the Bonferroni method. (2 × 2 comparisons with p < 0.05: a vs. Control; b vs. G1/A1/Low risk; c vs. G2/A2/Moderate Risk). (CKD: Chronic kidney disease, KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes).

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  Figure 6. Receiver operating characteristic curve for each optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameter and “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” KDIGO 2012 classification categories, as “low risk” (left column) and “moderate risk” (right column) in patients with no diabetic retinopathy (left two columns) and with diabetic retinopathy (right two columns).