In this paper, we propose a city logistics vehicle routing problem in which goods are delivered from a major terminal to several satellite locations. Travel times in the planning area are uncertain. The objective is to find suitable a-priori tours that are both cost-efficient and reliable. Therefore, Interval Travel Times (ITT) and a suitable criterion for efficiency and reliability are considered within vehicle routing. The resulting delivery tours are evaluated within a case study for the city of Stuttgart. Computational experiments show that integrating ITT into the routing leads to an improved efficiency and reliability of the planned tours.
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Groß et al. (2019) studied this question.
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