Algal Calcification in Some Codiaceae (Chlorophyta): Ultrastructure and Location of Skeletal Deposits¹,²

The capitular filaments of Penicillus and Rhipocephalus consist of an inner tube containing the cytoplasm and an outer calcified sheath. The sheath originates at the cell wall and differentiates into several layers which form the outer filament wall. CaCO 3 is deposited between organic layers within the sheath and is not in direct contact with the seawater. Pores within the sheath, usually uncalcified, may facilitate exchange of gases and solutes. The cytoplasm is characterized by vacuolar inclusions of calcium oxalate needles 50–150 μm long. A closed cortical surface is lacking . Udotea cyathiformis Dec. and U. conglutinata ( Ellis & Sol.) Lam. are similar to Penicillus and Rhipocephalus, in addition showing some CaCO 3 between filaments (ICS‐calcification ). Udotea flabellum ( Ellis & Sol.) Lam. is different as the filaments are profusely branched giving rise to a fully developed cortical surface. Pores and vacuolar calcium oxalate inclusions are absent. CaCO 3 deposition occurs within cortical filaments in between layers of the filament wall and subcortically in intercellular spares (ICS). Cortex calcification shows primary and secondary deposits bearing some resemblance to sheath calcification and to coralline red algae. In Rhipocephalus phoenix ( Ellis & Sol.) Kütz ., Penicillus pyriformis A . & E. Gepp , U. cyathiformis and U. conglutinata CaCO 3 is precipitated intracellularly within the sheath, in contrast to Halimeda and Cymopolia where it is deposited extracellularly in between filaments . U. flabellum takes an intermediate position showing both intra‐ and intercellular calcification. The sheath compartment volume is between 12.5 and 7500 μm 3 and 5–3 orders of magnitude smaller than the ICS‐compartment. Compartment size and location of CaCO 3 may bear on calcification mechanisms. One condition for such a mechanism may be restricted exchange of solutes (CO 2 , CO 3 2‐ , HCO 3 ‐ , O 2 , Co 2+ ). Codiaceae; filament ultrastructure; Penicillus; Rhipocephalus; Udotea