The Einstein equations which relate the transition rates for stimulated emission, spontaneous emission and stimulated absorption in a laser active medium are re-examined for the special case of a semiconductor laser with complex wave-guiding. It is shown that, owing to the nonorthogonality of the gain-guided laser modes, the Einstein relations have to be modified. In particular, the spontaneous emission rate per laser mode no longer equals the stimulated emission rate per laser photon.
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E. O. Göbel (1983) studied this question.
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