Materiality and techniques revealed in drawings by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Perugino

This study presents a multi-analytical investigation of six Renaissance drawings by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Perugino, focusing on their materials and techniques. Using a combination of microscopy, multiband imaging, X-ray fluorescence mapping, and Raman spectroscopy, the research revealed the complex layering and application of media such as red chalk, metalpoint, and iron gall ink. Findings include the identification of bone ash preparatory layers, amalgamated silver metalpoint, lead white highlights, and iron gall inks with varied compositions. These discoveries offer insights into the artists’ working processes, material choices, and the broader practices of the Renaissance workshop. Until this study, the artistic media in these works had been assessed by visual examination only. The study demonstrates how non-invasive scientific methods can uncover otherwise invisible aspects of artistic production, enriching both technical understanding and art historical interpretation.