Beginnings the great states of the western and central Sudan wider consequences of the growth of empire and trade in the Sudan the beginnings of European enterprise European competition for trade in the Guinea coastlands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the slave trade and economic change the political development of lower Guinea from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century West Africa and the campaign against the slave trade the British West African settlements, 1808-74 the Islamic revolution, and political developments in the interior, c. 1770-c.1890 the renewal of French activity, and the European scramble for colonies West Africa under European rule the regaining of independency.
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McCall et al. (1970) studied this question.