Efficiency enhancement of planar perovskite solar cells by adding zwitterion/LiF double interlayers for electron collection

Double interlayers consisting of a zwitterionic small molecule layer and a LiF layer were introduced between the electron transport layer and the cathode of perovskite solar cells. The double interlayers improve the photovoltaic efficiency to 13.2%, which is higher than that of control devices without the double interlayer (9.2%) or with LiF (11.0%) or rhodamine 101 zwitterion (12.1%) alone.