Exploring joint travel-charging adaptation responses of battery electric vehicle users under varying weather conditions

Understanding how battery electric vehicle (BEV) users respond to adverse weather requires accounting for the interdependence between travel and charging decisions, as weather conditions directly influence battery efficiency, driving range, and charging availability, thereby constraining both mobility and energy replenishment. A two-stage analytical framework is proposed to investigate integrated travel–charging responses under varying situational contexts by jointly considering trip purpose, initial battery state of charge, and weather conditions, including temperature, wind, and rainfall. First, latent class analysis identifies four distinct joint response patterns—status quo maintenance, cautious adjustment, adaptive rescheduling, and protective withdrawal. Second, an interaction-extended integrated choice and latent variable model is estimated to examine how scenario attributes, sociodemographic characteristics, and latent psychological constructs shape response selection. The framework is implemented using a scenario-based stated adaptation experiment conducted in Shanghai, China, yielding 1,506 valid responses from private BEV owners. Results show that weather conditions systematically reshape joint responses through distinct but consistent patterns: rainfall and wind primarily induce protective or avoidance-oriented responses, temperature variations shift the balance between maintenance and adjustment, and extreme conditions generally increase non-status quo behaviors. Psychological factors further differentiate responses, with higher perceived risk and coping willingness increasing the likelihood of adaptation, while anticipatory preparedness reinforces status quo maintenance. The findings provide a behavioral evidence base for policymakers and charging-service operators to improve infrastructure resilience, operational guidance, and user-facing interventions in response to increasingly variable and uncertain weather conditions.