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Quantifies economic value of solar panels with EV batteries, highlighting financial impracticalities.
The increasing price volatility in the Nordic electricity markets exposes households to a greater electricity bill risk. As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and rooftop photovoltaics (PV) grows, bidirectional charging (vehicle-to-home, V2H) enables households to arbitrage spot prices and shift their demand away from peaks. This study quantifies the economic value of combining PV with a mobile EV battery under Finnish spot-based pricing. We model three tariff cases: (i) fixed price; (ii) spot price without PV/EV; and (iii) spot price with PV+V2H and evaluate three investment configurations: PV + a bidirectional charger, adding a bidirectional charger, and upgrading from unidirectional to bidirectional charging. A 15-year net present value (NPV) analysis explicitly accounts for battery degradation. Under spot pricing, PV+V2H yields average annual electricity bill savings of €84 ( ≈ 4%). However, the estimated degradation costs ( €500/year) dominate, producing negative NPVs across all configurations: –€11,190 (full system deployment), –€5290 (charger addition), and –€4990 (charger upgrade). Sensitivity tests indicate that even with battery prices projected to fall to €69/kWh by 2028, PV+V2H systems remain uneconomic because degradation outweighs arbitrage savings. PV+V2H is thus not financially viable in Finland today due to limited further cost reductions, longer battery lifetimes, and the absence of supportive policy incentives.
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A 2026 study studied this question.
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