Peter G. L. Klinkhamer, Tom J. de Jong, Johannes L. H. de Heiden, An Eight-Year Study of Population Dynamics and Life-History Variation of the "Biennial" Carlina vulgaris, Oikos, Vol. 75, No. 2 (Mar., 1996), pp. 259-268
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Klinkhamer et al. (1996) studied this question.
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