Flipping the sign of refractive index changes in ultrafast and temporally shaped laser-irradiated borosilicate crown optical glass at high repetition rates

Ultrafast subpicosecond laser exposure usually induces negative refractive index changes in optical glasses with strong thermal expansion such as borosilicate BK7 due to volume expansion and mechanical rarefaction. We show that temporally shaped laser excitation on picosecond scales and at high repetition rates can invert the regular material response resulting in a significant refractive index increase. Simulations of pulse propagation and evolution of heat and strain waves in BK7 glass exposed to different pulse durations were performed to understand mechanisms of refractive index increase. Narrow spatial distribution of energy for optimized picosecond pulses determines shock-induced plastic deformations accompanied by partial healing of the lateral strain due to preferential heat flow. The matter momentum relaxation produces directional on-axis material compaction.