AASLD Deepens Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

On June 2, 2020, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) joined colleagues in gastroenterology in a joint statement condemning racism and injustice and pledging to lead change. This pledge offers a commitment to “continue to advocate for diversity in our staff and governance, grant awards to research health care disparities, ensure quality care for all, and work tirelessly to reduce inequalities in health care delivery and access.”(1) To transform these words into action, it is important to understand the meaning of this statement and how the AASLD can incorporate such commitment into its organizational goals. This white paper will explore issues of diversity, inclusion, equity, and health disparities within hepatology. In contrast to a position paper that explains or justifies a particular form of care, or a narrative review that provides a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on a topic, this white paper will provide understanding by (1) defining the issues to create common ground, (2) summarizing the current state and future opportunities for diversity and inclusion among the hepatology workforce, (3) exploring concerns regarding health disparities among patients with liver disease, and (4) outlining actions that the AASLD and its members can take to address diversity and equity for its workforce and patients (Fig. 1). Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial and ethnic minorities with underlying liver disease are well-documented.(2) A health disparity is not simply a health difference, but worse health among socially disadvantaged people.(3) Recently, attention has turned to social determinants of health and their effects on health disparities and health outcomes.(4) However, not all disparities and inequity are the result of social issues outside of health care. The impact of disparate treatment by well-meaning clinicians on patient outcomes must be recognized. Providers take an oath to do no harm and may consciously reject negative images and ideas associated with disadvantaged groups, but they are also immersed in a culture in which these groups are depicted in pejorative ways.(5) Implicit attitudes are feelings that often exist outside of conscious awareness.(6) These attitudes may influence providers’ actions, resulting in bias in behaviors, relationship building, clinical investigation, and institution of medical care. Therefore, the elimination of disparities in liver disease is inextricably linked to the ability to recognize and mitigate these attitudes. In addition to eliminating biased thinking from the workforce, it is equally important to focus on the demographic makeup of the workforce and the ability of every person within the workforce to be empowered to succeed and make change. Diversity is a quantifiable measure; it represents the number of people within various demographics and represents different identities. Race, ethnicity, and gender are an integral part of diversity, as are age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and gender identity, education, religion, physical appearance, and diversity of thought. However, a “diverse” environment does not equate to inclusion.(7) Inclusion is a feeling and a belief that one’s experiences provide a unique perspective to an organization, thus promoting a culture of respect, value, and belonging for all.(8) Equity is an established assurance that all people have the same access to opportunities while recognizing and eliminating barriers that have prevented advancement and growth. Equity involves examining institutional systems and resource distribution that may lead to disparities and ensuring fair treatment and equal opportunity.(9) A culture of diversity and inclusion is needed to promote equity in the health care workforce and patient care. Diversity within medicine has been inextricably linked to improved patient outcomes and increased access to care. It also informs public policy, especially in underserved communities.(10) Focusing on diversity, equity, and inclusion and eliminating bias will allow providers to be more effective at problem solving, maximizing engagement and innovation, and providing increased access to care. Data from 2018 demonstrated that underrepresented minorities (URMs) comprised 33.4% of the population but made up only 9.4% of all full-time US medical school faculty.(11) Of the general physician workforce, 11.2% were identified as URM (with race for 13.7% of active physicians unknown).(11) Data from gastroenterology divisions and societies are similar, with under 10% of US gastroenterologists identifying as URM and with minimal change in the proportion of URMs over the last decade.(11) Similarly, 9.1% of gastroenterology fellows and 12.8% of transplant hepatologists identified themselves as URM in 2018-2019.(12) Recent AASLD membership data reveal comparable proportions, with 8.2% of members reporting identification as URMs (American Indian/Alaskan Native, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander). Recently, the AASLD Training and Workforce Committee surveyed the current hepatology workforce to predict the future demand for hepatology providers. In the survey, 4.4% of respondents identified themselves as URMs. The model forecasted a significant deficit of hepatology providers over the next 15 years, and efforts to increase racial and ethnic diversity in the hepatology workforce could alleviate this impending deficit and expand opportunities for addressing disparities in health care delivery.(13) URM physicians are more likely to work in communities that are underserved and with limited health care access.(14) Non-White physicians are more likely to care for minority patients who are medically complex, economically disadvantaged, and receive Medicaid.(15) Increasing diversity in the hepatology workforce directly affects patient care. Participation in race-concordant physician-patient relationships has been shown to be deeply beneficial for patients, particularly for medical communication and adherence. Although there are no specific data in terms of hepatology care, in the primary care setting, Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients were more likely than White patients to perceive receipt of better medical care from their predominantly White medical providers if they belonged to a different race or ethnic group.(16) Patients in race-concordant relationships report improved satisfaction and rate their physicians as more participatory and conducting longer visits.(17) Patients with race-concordant physicians self-reported greater adherence, whereas patients with race-discordant physicians report decreased mutual understanding, which correlates strongly with noncompliance.(18) In one study, Black patients with Black physicians were more likely to self-report receiving preventive care.(19) Patients who transition to language-concordant physicians have improved chronic disease management.(20) Language concordance improves appointment-keeping and medication adherence.(21) Counseling and adherence are vital to the management of chronic liver conditions and should be considered as part of the significance of diversity in the hepatology workforce. These challenges impose career advancement barriers and a psychological burden that contribute to attrition, especially in subspecialties including hepatology, in which low rates of URMs are more pronounced than in the general physician workforce.(24, 25, 27) Chronic HCV infection has been shown to disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities in the USA, with African Americans and Native Americans having twice the prevalence of HCV compared with non-Hispanic Whites.(28) African-American race was shown to be associated with noninitiation of direct-acting antiviral therapy and lower rates of achieving cure; similar findings were observed in Hispanic communities who experience higher rates of cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation than Whites. Although Asians account for over 40% of US chronic HBV infections, preventative services and medical management in this at-risk population remain grossly inadequate.(29) African Americans have a 2-fold to 3-fold higher prevalence of HBV compared with the general population, similarly reflecting low rates of screening and immunization despite heightened susceptibility to infection.(30) Asian and African-American race are independent predictors of HCC development among patients with HBV, but despite longstanding availability of safe and highly efficacious antiviral treatment for HBV, low rates of treatment persist in these populations.(31) The growing epidemic of NAFLD disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities and is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in all ethnic groups combined, accounting for over half of cases in a large prospective study.(32) The highest prevalence of NAFLD was observed in Japanese Americans (4.4%), followed by Latinos (3.1%) and Native Hawaiians (2.3%), with NAFLD being the most common cause of cirrhosis in these populations. The prevalence of NASH is highest in Hispanics and lowest in African Americans, but the proportion of patients with advanced fibrosis has not been shown to differ among racial/ethnic groups.(33) Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is the second-leading cause of chronic liver disease across racial and ethnic groups and is emerging as a leading indication for liver transplantation in the USA.(32) In a large, prospective study, Latinos had the highest prevalence of ALD (1.6%), and ALD was the underlying cause of cirrhosis for over one-fourth of Native Hawaiians (30.6%), Latinos (27.0%), and African Americans (25.6%).(32) Indeed, recent increases in cirrhosis-related mortality have been attributed to rising rates of ALD among young adult Whites, Native Americans, and Hispanics.(34) HCC disproportionately affects minority populations. Based on Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry data from 2000 to 2010, Asians had the highest overall burden of HCC, and the largest proportional increases in HCC incidence were observed among Hispanic and African-American populations.(35) Although liver cancer mortality rates decreased among Asians/Pacific Islanders during this period (1.6% per year), rates significantly increased among African Americans (2.4% per year), Whites (2.1% per year), and Hispanics (1.3% per year).(36) Importantly, liver cancer mortality rates among adults aged 50-64 years were significantly higher for African Americans than other racial/ethnic groups. Among patients with HCC meeting Milan criteria, Hispanics and African Americans were significantly less likely to receive curative therapy compared with non-Hispanic Whites, whereas Asians were more likely to receive curative therapy.(37) Before the adoption of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score for liver allocation, data demonstrated that African Americans were underrepresented on liver transplantation (LT) wait lists and among LT recipients, accounting for less than 10% of each category.(38) Wait-list priority based on MELD score helped to reduce racial disparity resulting from the difference in severity of liver disease at listing, but did not address lower rates of and delayed referral for evaluation even among patients with insurance.(39) Moreover, United Network for Organ Sharing registry data from 2002 to 2012 demonstrated that African Americans had the lowest overall 5-year survival following LT.(40) Interventions exist for addressing liver-related health disparities. A multidiscipline Alaskan leadership coordination plan was coupled with 50 years of continuous primary and specialty care effort, to abate viral hepatitis in that state. The need for concerted effort was identified by recognizing that chronic liver disease was the eighth cause of death for Alaskan natives during 1969-2011.(41) In the early 1990s, hepatitis A screening revealed infection rates of 5%-9% in Alaskan natives.(42) Hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in 1995, and vaccination of all Alaskan children over 2 years old ensued. By 2001, the hepatitis A infection rate dropped 20-fold in the Alaskan native population.(43) In 1983, hepatitis B screening of Alaskan natives began, and immunization of susceptible persons was initiated.(44) Three years later, 84% of the population was screened, and 90% were immunized. Annual HBV infection incidence declined from 215 cases per 100,000 to 14 cases per 100,000. In 2014, the World Health Assembly with the World Health Organization (WHO) established the goal of global eradication of viral hepatitis by 2030.(45) Infrastructure within WHO and a website of resources was established. An informational document was written, updated, and published. Stakeholder organizations became involved. Periodic progress toward targets has been assessed and shared. Although 2020 targets have not been reached, efforts continue to focus on opportunities to achieve viral hepatitis eradication. The year 2020 marked the AASLD’s 70th anniversary as a professional organization whose mission is “to advance and disseminate the science and practice of hepatology, and to promote liver health and quality patient care” in an effort of achieving its vision “to prevent and to cure liver disease.” In November 2018, the AASLD Governing Board approved a new strategic plan to ensure the AASLD’s future success as a valuable professional organization for its members and broader hepatology community. One component of this strategic framework is a directive for fostering membership engagement to facilitate professional development and meaningful contributions to the AASLD. From the diversity lens, the AASLD must be intentional in fostering racial and ethnic diversity among its membership. Over 6,600 professionals hold AASLD membership, but race/ethnicity membership data are limited, with data lacking for a quarter of AASLD membership (Table 1). The AASLD is not alone in its challenges to obtain membership data on race and ethnicity. A 2012 survey of 167 physician organizations revealed that only 8% collected membership data on race and ethnicity.(46) Collection of racial/ethnicity membership data is critical in helping organizations define the need for greater diversity and develop strategies for implementing programs and policies that will foster diversity. However, the ability to collect such data is based on assumptions that individuals categorize their identities as singular among binary choices and that these identities are self-certain and unchangeable.(47) Individuals may not identify with a specific race or ethnicity or may have life experiences that change beliefs over time about how to define their race or ethnicity, particularly if their backgrounds are varied or the culture in which they live influences their understanding about race or ethnicity. The AASLD must communicate effectively to members about the value of collecting race/ethnicity membership data and be innovative in fostering reporting of race and ethnicity by its members. The AASLD could survey members about views on the categorization of race and ethnicity to foster development of questions about race and ethnicity that members can more easily answer. To eliminate concerns about negative implications of race and ethnicity reporting at an individual level, the AASLD could collect such data from its members through anonymous surveys rather than through membership application or renewal. Additionally, the AASLD must make a commitment to be transparent in reporting such data. The AASLD also seeks to grow its activities and participation across membership categories. Data have demonstrated that most physician organizations with active diversity efforts sponsor educational activities for physicians and trainees that promote diversity and/or provide opportunities for its members to be involved in advocacy programs.(48) Programming for the AASLD’s annual meeting (the Liver Meeting) includes a Diversity Workshop, and it is one of four sponsoring organizations for the annual Digestive Diseases Week Diversity Symposium. These programs should examine issues including implicit bias, cultural competence/humility, and equity. Additionally, the AASLD should ensure greater incorporation of health disparities research into its scientific sessions. To increase representation among speakers, moderators, and program chairs, the AASLD will develop an electronic speaker database, which will allow its members to input data about clinical and research interests and accomplishments in their areas of expertise, and it will allow participants to self-identify race and ethnicity. The AASLD has a rich history of advocacy work. Its “Call to Action to Advance Progress Toward Viral Hepatitis Elimination” and annual Liver Capitol Hill Day are recent examples of efforts to influence public health policies toward benefit for patients with liver disease. Such work should be more intentional in calls to action toward the elimination of racial and ethnic disparities in liver disease and LT. To broaden the impact of educational and advocacy efforts, the AASLD should incorporate these efforts at regional, national, and international levels. As the AASLD also aims to lead in the discovery and implementation advances in liver care, it should invest in research efforts that are directed toward defining and eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in liver disease. The creation of research awards and grant funding for research in racial and ethnic disparities in liver disease and liver transplantation and for research conducted by its racially and ethnically underrepresented members would provide tangible evidence of a commitment to eliminate health disparities and support in the research of its members. Data have shown that URM physicians have and of lower compared with White This and and the of and active engagement of URM in professional URM health care disparities which may and work that is more to in AASLD provides awards for trainees and members to the annual meeting of the Network for Health The AASLD has also a its membership with early career members to foster professional development The AASLD could a program that is to promote the professional development of its underrepresented members. To foster of disparities the AASLD could also a on health disparities for its Additionally, efforts must be made to foster greater diversity in AASLD The AASLD could a leadership development or to innovative strategies for diversity among organizational The AASLD Governing Board approved a plan to have representation from its Inclusion and Diversity Committee on its Committee and an important in diversity in AASLD it should and data on the proportion of underrepresented membership to and leadership as such data are It should also to more of members to and leadership and opportunities for leadership and for its underrepresented members that will foster leadership within the AASLD. An important in diversity efforts of predominantly White professional organizations involves of with minority medical The AASLD has established with international professional organizations that have increased and access to educational resources and opportunities for increased international membership. The AASLD should with minority medical organizations to increase in AASLD membership and hepatology expand educational resources for and research on health disparities, and opportunities for and for URM members. and individual action are also for of diversity and diversity has been shown to be an on to care patient care organizational and The is can an individual or institution promote diversity and there to be a in diversity from to This transition is often on an need for change from leadership or As an the creation of a can institutional and and may differ among data and are Data on the ethnic and race of an patient population and can facilitate a better understanding of and goals. the of and data including and research should be has been in the number of advanced practice providers within gastroenterology and hepatology in the last incorporation of data from advanced practice and and staff is programs on addressing health care disparities are unique and new particularly within it is for to promote and advocate these The development of such systems should with the of educational on including implicit bias, health disparities, and and/or and Health care professionals remain on issues to workforce diversity and advocacy for advancement will if not all, health care professionals and the of workforce diversity. Health care must identify and from underrepresented backgrounds and provide with and opportunities for professional including research time and leadership Individuals should opportunities to research in diversity, inclusion, and health care disparities within hepatology. should diversity and in AASLD groups in to support and diversity Additionally, AASLD surveys are vital to efforts at promoting diversity, and members should in such To provide care and ensure opportunities for professional advancement of all it is critical for and organizations to have an understanding of diversity, inclusion, and equity in the diversity of the health care workforce and the of the communities it have effects on health care delivery in URM Such opportunities for and medication adherence. Liver are disproportionately more common within these and URMs are at and are less likely to be curative including LT. The AASLD must to understand these it can reduce these health care disparities. The of health care providers from underrepresented communities is providers their to all The AASLD should URM members and provide opportunities for professional to increase the input of future hepatologists who will continue the critical work of ensuring equity in health care delivery and professional