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Microwave-AssistedGlycerol-Based Extraction of BioactiveCompounds from Defatted Hass Avocado Cake: Process Optimization, ChemicalCharacterization, and Sustainability Assessment

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This study aims to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from defatted Hass avocado cake using microwave-assisted methods.
Microwave-assisted extraction with glycerol as a solvent was optimized using experimental design.
Glycerol concentration (40-90%), temperature (70-170 °C), and extraction time (7-23 min) were varied.
Optimal conditions were determined to be 170 °C, 70% glycerol, and 7 min extraction time.
Optimal conditions yielded significantly higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity compared to conventional methods (p<0.05).
UPLC-HRMS/MS identified 55 bioactive compounds from the extract.
Toxicity assessment showed low toxicity at 1033 mg GAE L–1, with a sustainability score of 0.595 on the Path2Green metric.

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Randomized trial investigates microwave-assisted glycerol extraction for bioactive recovery in avocado residues, indicating efficient valorization.

Lage et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial investigates microwave-assisted glycerol extraction for bioactive recovery in avocado residues, indicating efficient valorization.