Attachment Theory: Seven Unresolved Issues and Questions for Future Research

Although Bowlby (1968) assumed that attachment theory was relevant to relationships from birth to old age, early studies have focused on mothers and infants. We briefly describe extensions of attachment research across the life span and relationships. We then discuss 7 unresolved issues and questions: Is attachment best measured as categories or continua? Do individuals hold unitary or multiple models of attachment? Does early attachment to a caregiver serve as a template for attachments throughout life? Does attachment change developmentally over time? Is attachment culture specific or universal? How can a family systems perspective increase understanding of cross-generational adaptation? Is attachment theory helpful to parents and therapists? Although suggesting the necessity for revisions of attachment theory, we acknowledge its powerful contributions to the study of human relationships.