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A laser diode integrated with a spot-size converter has been developed for low cost optical modules. This device involves a mechanism that matches its optical field with fiber or planar lightwave circuits (PLC). This improves the alignment tolerance of the optical coupling and allows for an easy passive alignment approach. This device was fabricated on a 2-in substrate using MOVPE for crystal growth, stepper for photolithography and dry etching for mesa formation, which were all fit for mass production. Thus, the cost of the device is reduced. This device offers high coupling efficiency with single-mode fibers and high reliability, so that it can be widely implemented in coming advanced optical networks.
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Itaya et al. (1997) studied this question.
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