A Pt-free nanoreactor, consisting of N-doped hollow carbon nanocapsules with encapsulated Ni nanoparticles, is developed for high-performance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst. The nanoreactor effect improves its catalytic activity for ORR mainly in a 4e− pathway. The presence of Ni nanoparticles within the nanoreactor significantly enhances the stability with a current retention of 90% after 40 h.
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Li et al. (2016) studied this question.
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