Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages and increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in UK Biobank

Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome poses a critical challenge for public health. However, its association with mortality risk remain inadequately characterized. Methods: 282,952 participants at baseline from the UK Biobank were monitored until November 12, 2021. Cox regression analyses evaluated the associations between CKM stages and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, respiratory diseases, and digestive system diseases. Conclusions: CKM stages are strongly associated with increased all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Early identification and intervention in CKM syndrome patients could be crucial for reducing premature mortality and improving public health.