Key result
Thalassemia was associated with high rates of protein C (95.3%) and protein S (77.5%) deficiency, and significant reductions in anticoagulant proteins compared to controls (p<0.005).
Case-Control (n=161)
Thalassemia patients of Chinese origin exhibit significant deficiencies in anticoagulant proteins and elevated sEPCR, contributing to chronic hypercoagulability.
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Supports hypercoagulability in thalassemia; hypothesis-generating and should not yet change practice.
BACKGROUND: Thalassemia is characterized by a hypercoagulable state in which the protein C (PC) pathway controls thrombosis. We investigated changes in PC, protein S (PS), antithrombin III (AT III) and soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) in thalassemia. METHODS: A group of 129 patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM), β-thalassemia intermedia (β-TI), α-thalassemia intermedia (α-TI) and combined α-/β-thalassemia (α + β-thal) were compared with 32 gender- and age-matched controls. PC, PS, AT III, sEPCR, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and intercellular adhesion molecule1 (ICAM-1) antigens were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PC, AT III, and PS activity were assayed by substrate chromatography and a prothrombin time (PT)-based free protein S assay. RESULTS: PC deficiency was seen in 95.3% of the patients and PS deficiency was seen in 77.5%. Concomitant reductions in PC and AT III antigen and activity were observed in β-TM, β-TI, and α-TI than in controls (p < 0.005). PC activity was lower in β-TM than in α-TI (p = 0.004). PS antigen was elevated in β-TM (p = 0.011) and sEPCR was elevated in α-TI (p = 0.018). Nonsplenectomized patients had lower PC (p = 0.001) and PS (p = 0.006) and higher sEPCR (p = 0.021) than postsplenectomy patients. Transfusion dependent thalassemia (TDT) patients had lower PC levels (p < 0.005) than those with nontransfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT). ICAM-1 was increased in patient subgroups (p < 0.001), especially those with splenectomies (p = 0.009), and TAT was increased in all patient subgroups compared with controls (p < 0.001) except for α + β-thal. CONCLUSIONS: Deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins and elevated sEPCR contributed to chronic hypercoagulability in these thalassemia patients of Chinese origin. Splenectomy alleviated these alterations in this patient cohort with the median duration since splenectomy of two years. Blood transfusion was not ideal for avoiding thrombosis.
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Huang et al. (2018) conducted a case-control in Thalassemia (n=161). Thalassemia vs. Gender- and age-matched controls was evaluated on Protein C deficiency (p=<0.005). Thalassemia was associated with high rates of protein C (95.3%) and protein S (77.5%) deficiency, and significant reductions in anticoagulant proteins compared to controls (p<0.005).
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