Guidance for data analysis in split-plot designs when parametric assumptions are violated: F-statistic, adjusted F-tests, and bootstrap-F

Introduction Data analysis of split-plot designs requires normality, homogeneity of variance, and multisample sphericity. Adjusted F -tests and the bootstrap- F procedure have been proposed as alternatives to the F -statistic when these assumptions are violated. However, simulation studies have not identified the conditions under which these tests are robust. Method To analyze the Type I error of the F -statistic, Greenhouse-Geisser ( F-GG ) and Huynh-Feldt ( F-HF ) adjustments, and bootstrap- F ( B-F ), we performed a simulation study with split-plot designs, manipulating the distribution shape, epsilon values, sample size, coefficient of sample size variation, degree of heterogeneity, and pairing of variance with group sample size. Results With balanced designs, the results show that for the group effect the F -statistic and B-F are valid choices under assumption violations. For time and interaction effects, under non-sphericity, F-GG and F-HF maintain Type I error close to 5% with moderate violation of normality; both of them remain robust with ε ^ ≥ 0.70 for larger violations of normality. With unbalanced designs, the behavior of all these statistics depends on the variables manipulated. Discussion The paper identifies the conditions under which each procedure can be used. Overall, B-F was the most robust procedure in the majority of conditions. It can be used under moderate violations of normality, homogeneity, and sphericity with N > 20. Under more severe violations of these assumptions, larger sample size, N > 80, is needed to achieve robustness.