Review reveals three primary linkage mechanisms bridging Earth's interior and surface dynamics, highlighting weak and strong coupling strategies to resolve multiscale modeling disparities.
The Earth system comprises the interior subsystem and the surface subsystem, together sustaining the formation and long-term evolution of the habitable Earth. The interior subsystem governs the primary evolutionary patterns of the Earth on relatively large spatial and temporal scales, whereas the surface subsystem regulates the surficial environment and biological habitability on comparatively smaller scales. A critical point of Earth system dynamics is to elucidate the coupling mechanisms between the interior and surface subsystems. However, due to the significant differences in their characteristic time and spatial scales, integrated modeling and comprehensive study on the cross-sphere coupling remain scarce. The coupling between Earth’s interior and surface subsystems can be realized through several key ―bridges‖. This paper specifically analyzes the following three bridges and their respective roles:
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Li et al. (2025) studied this question.
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