Advance and Future Perspective for Rechargeable Manganese-Based Batteries

Rechargeable manganese-based batteries (RMBs) have risen as a viable substitute for conventional lithium-based energy storage systems, driven by their inherent advantages including high theoretical energy density, cost-effectiveness, resource sustainability, and environmental friendliness. With increasing research interest in this field, a timely synthesis of current breakthroughs and forward-looking strategies becomes critical. This review comprehensively addresses the fundamental principles, recent advances, and future prospects of RMBs, with a focus on their core components: anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and auxiliary elements (e.g., separators and current collectors). For each component, we give a detailed discussion of material selection criteria, synthesis techniques, performance merits, existing limitations, and pathways for optimization. Additionally, we identify unresolved scientific and technical challenges while proposing actionable research priorities to accelerate the practical deployment of RMBs.