ER-PM tether Syt1 limits cell-to-cell connectivity via plasmodesmata during innate immune responses in Arabidopsis

Upon perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), plants close plasmodesmata (PD) as part of their innate immune responses. However, the signaling cascades and molecular mechanisms underlying MAMP-induced PD closure require further investigation. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) tether Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) modulates the response of PD to MAMPs. Following MAMP stimulation, Syt1 rapidly accumulates to PD and further recruits a putative calcium-permeable transporter, ANN4, to promote a localized, PD-associated Ca 2+ elevation, leading to callose-dependent PD closure. Moreover, Syt1 can sense the increased level of PI(4,5)P 2 at the PD-PM via its C2 domain. Disrupting the interaction between Syt1 and PM lipids by pharmaceutical approaches or site-directed mutagenesis leads to impaired PD response to MAMPs. Collectively, our findings reveal that Syt1 integrates phospholipid signaling from the PD-PM to regulate PD-localized Ca 2+ elevation, thereby modulating intercellular communication for restricting the spread of bacterial infection.