According to the Cartan-Ambrose-Hicks Theorem, two simply-connected, complete Riemannian manifolds are isometric if, given a certain correspondence between all the broken geodesics emanating from a point in one manifold, and all those emanating from a point in the other, the parallel translates of the curvature tensor agree along corresponding broken geodesics. For generic metrics on a surface, the hypothesis can be refined so that it is enough to compare curvature along corresponding unbroken geodesics in order to obtain the isometry.
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James J. Hebda (1987) studied this question.
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