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Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), developed by Health Level Seven International (HL7), has emerged as the leading healthcare data standard to address persistent barriers in interoperability, fragmented exchange, and inconsistent data harmonization. As health systems worldwide undergo digital transformation, FHIR offers a flexible framework for integrating electronic health records, analytics platforms, and decision-support tools. Its growth has been accelerated by policy mandates such as the 21st Century Cures Act, as well as the availability of application programming interfaces (APIs), software development kits (SDKs), and web standards. Globally, FHIR has been adopted or piloted by national health systems in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, and incorporated into World Health Organization data initiatives, underscoring its role in global digital health strategy. Documented outcomes of this review include comprehensive mapping of FHIR applications across clinical, research, and public health domains; identification of adoption barriers and enablers; insights into integration with generative AI and large language models for predictive modeling, automated documentation, and decision support; and guidance for future innovations such as blockchain-enabled infrastructure and cloud-native scalability. Nonetheless, challenges remain, including uneven implementation, workforce training gaps, scalability limitations, and unresolved concerns around privacy, security, and regulatory compliance. This synthesis provides actionable insights for providers, researchers, policymakers, and developers to advance global health interoperability.
Hornback et al. (Wed,) studied this question.