Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been applied to investigate the nucleation of Pd deposited on HOPG (Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite). Pd deposited at 70°C exists as small clusters of 3-5 nm below the monolayer coverage. At 450°C deposition, some of them nucleate to crystallize and grow epitaxially along the [111] direction. The topmost layer of the (111) face of the exposed crystal showed a long periodic structure with a periodic distance of 2.6-2.7 nm.
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Kojima et al. (1991) studied this question.
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