Research Advances in Nasal Epithelial Organoids and Challenges in Clinical Disease Applications

Organoids, as a novel type of 3D spherical model, possess characteristics such as tissue heterogeneity, functional simulation capability, scalability, personalization, and strong compatibility. These features endow them with significant advantages in drug testing, including the ability to highly simulate human physiological and pathological characteristics, strong clinical relevance, high-throughput and rapid screening capabilities, avoidance of the limitations of animal models, and potential for personalized treatment. As a result, organoids have become an essential tool in drug development and precision medicine.In recent years, nasal organoids have been preliminarily established. These models have been utilized to elucidate the pathogenesis of chronic and acute sinusitis through nasal organoid inflammation models, as well as to screen allergens in allergic rhinitis. Additionally, olfactory epithelial organoid models have been employed to study the mechanisms of olfactory neuron damage and regeneration. This article reviews the recent advances in the fundamental research of nasal organoids and innovatively outlines a composite culture medium formulation developed by our laboratory, providing a new technical approach for cost-effective and efficient organoid research.