A review on adsorptive performance of biochar doped cobalt and nickel ferrites nanomaterials for wastewater laden toxic pollutants treatment

The global ecological landscape is presently facing unprecedented challenges, intensified by rapid industrial growth and ongoing population increase. The widespread contamination of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals poses a serious threat to both ecological stability and public health, thus making the development of effective remediation strategies a crucial necessity. Magnetic nanocomposites, particularly those that include iron oxides like Fe 3 O 4 , have emerged as a promising solution to these urgent issues. Their large surface area, small size, intrinsic reactivity, and availability of active sites make magnetic nanocomposites highly effective for water purification efforts. These materials demonstrate superior performance in eliminating harmful organic and inorganic pollutants, pathogenic microorganisms, and heavy metals from wastewater. Among the various treatment methods available, adsorption using magnetic nanocomposites is particularly effective for tackling heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. This nanotechnology-driven treatment approach is notable for its lack of harmful by-products and shows significant regenerative potential. The aim of this review is to compile recent research findings regarding the use of cobalt and nickel biochar-based magnetic nanocomposites in the remediation of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and dyes from water sources, focusing on key parameters such as adsorption capacity, and the influence of pH, concentration, dosage, temperature, and contact time of the adsorbent, along with isotherm and kinetic modeling.