Theoretical analysis demonstrates software-defined cryptographic security in untrusted cloud environments, suggesting physical hardware modules can be replaced mathematically.
In this paper, I present the Zulqarnayn Architectura (ZLQ-AR-1), a fundamentally new paradigm in cryptographic system engineering that translates physical hardware security boundaries into inviolable mathematical and kernel-level constraints. By orchestrating anonymous kernel-invisible memory (memfd_secret), Galois field polynomial geometry, deterministic finite state machines, and rigorous probabilistic bounds, I eliminate the dependency on physical Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) in untrusted cloud environments. I provide the complete, non-circular mathematical proofs demonstrating that under this architecture, unauthorized memory extraction, temporal cryptographic divergence, and naive probabilistic auditing are rendered mathematically impossible
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Mohammad Shahbaaz Ahmed (2026) studied this question.
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