Comparison of the Cecum Ligation and Puncture Method and the Intraperitoneal Lipopolysaccharide Injection Method for the Construction of a New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Model of Sepsis

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Schematic diagram of molding process.(A)Flowchart of molding and related metrics measurement; (B) The relative protein levels of IL-18 were determined by centrifugation of blood in each group and the supernatants were collected for the elisa assay four days after the completion of modeling. (C and D) Sinus rhythm and AF observed by analyzing surface electrocardiogram data; (E) Statistics of new-onset AF occurrences in each subgroup of the CT group and the LPS group; (F) Statistics of new-onset AF occurrences in the Sham group and the CLP subgroup; *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6/group, n=5 (1.0 mm group).

• 

  Figure 2. Impact of LPS on Cardiac Morphology and Function. (A) Coordination of ventricular wall motion in rats of each group; (B) Enlarged area of the left atrium; (C) Reduced values of EF values; (D) E/A peak percentage; (E) in order, represent the area of the left atrium of CT, Sham, CLP, and LPS groups observed in long-axis views of the left ventricle; (F) Single-peak image of the E/A peak of AF observed with M-mode ultrasound and normal image of the E/A peak; *p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6/group.

• 

  Figure 3. Impact of LPS on ERP in right and left Atria and the Incidence of AF Induction. (A–D) the electrocardiographic performance of rats after electrical stimulation; (E and F) the effective atrial refractory period of the left and right atria; (G) the rate of AF induced in each group of rats; *p<0.05,**p<0.01, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6/group.

• 

  Figure 4. Influence of LPS on Conduction Velocity and Its Variability in Cardiac Tissue. (A) Microarray electrode thermograms of electrical conduction in rats from each group, arrows represent the direction of conduction, different colors represent the moment of impulse arrival, and contour lines represent the location of electrical impulse conduction at the same moment; (B) the left atrial conduction velocity measured in each group; (C) the heterogeneity of the left atrial conduction velocities of the groups (as reflected by calculating the variance). *p<0.05,**p<0.01,****p<0.0001, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6/group.

• 

  Figure 5. Impact of LPS on Pathological Alterations in Atrial Myocytes. (A) The HE staining results, Masson’s trichrome staining, NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles immunohistochemistry results, and IL-1β immunohistochemistry results of rat atria in each group observed under the microscope. (B) the statistical graph of the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration; (C) the statistical graph of the degree of atrial myofibrillar fibrosis, (D) the statistical graph of the counts of positive cells with cytoplasmic containing NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles, (E) the statistical graph of the counts of positive cells with cytoplasmic containing IL-1β,*p<0.05,**p<0.01, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3/group.

• 

  Figure 6. Quantitative Analysis of Inflammatory and Signaling Protein Expression Relative to GAPDH in Atrial Myocytes. Differential analysis in protein expression levels between four groups. (A) Immunoblotting for the detection of protein bands in developed results (B) ratio of NLRP3 protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level; (C) ratio of ASC protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level; (D) ratio of Pro-Caspase1 protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level; (E) ratio of Caspase1-p20 protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level; (F) ratio of S1P2 protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level; (G) ratio of S1P protein expression level to GAPDH protein expression level;*p<0.05,**p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, labeled as ns when p>0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3/group.