Neuroethical issues related to the use of brain imaging: Can we and should we use brain imaging as a biomarker to diagnose chronic pain?

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. aDivision of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour – Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada bInstitute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada cDepartment of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada dNeuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Department of Medicine and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada eDepartments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medicine & Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada fPain Management Service, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leics, UK *Corresponding author. Address: Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour – Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, 399 Bathurst Street, Room MP14-306, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8. Tel.: +1 416 603 5662; fax: +1 416 603 5745. E-mail address:[email protected]