Upconverting nanocrystals (UC NCs), NaYF4:2% Er3+, 18% Yb3+, are doped into a hole-extraction layer and realize enhancement factors of 13% and 6.5% for the short-circuit current density and power-conversion efficiency, respectively, in a bulk heterojunction solar cell. Scattering of the incident light by the NCs plays an important role in performance enhancement.
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Chen et al. (2014) studied this question.
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