Cold Sintering of Ceramic Materials

This article examined the mechanisms and results of applying various cold sintering methods, including specialized heating conditions and other innovative approaches. Particular attention was given to emerging promising technologies, such as cold sintering process (CSP), FLASH sintering, and spark plasma sintering (SPS). These methods enabled a significant reduction in the energy required for ceramic synthesis and ensured the preservation of the unique properties of the initial materials, including nanostructure and performance characteristics. The discussed approaches demonstrated substantial advantages, such as a drastic reduction in sintering temperature to as low as 300°C and the achievement of high-density products.