A review in biomedical CoCrMo alloys processed by laser powder bed fusion: Progress, applications, and perspectives

CoCrMo alloys are widely used in biomedical implants such as artificial joints. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables the high-precision fabrication of CoCrMo components with complex geometries, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional manufacturing in personalized customization. This review critically summarizes recent progress in LPBF-processed CoCrMo alloys for biomedical applications. The discussion begins with the LPBF processing window and the associated microstructures, followed by a detailed analysis of their mechanical, tribological, and electrochemical properties, as well as biocompatibility. Furthermore, current regulation strategies, including processing optimization, heat treatment, second phase strengthening, and surface modification, are discussed in terms of their fundamental mechanisms and practical limitations. Key challenges are also identified, including parameter transferability, defect control, anisotropy, property trade-offs, and long-term biological safety. In particular, functional zoning design is highlighted as a promising direction for personalized implants, aiming to integrate a wear-resistant articular surface, a tough load-bearing matrix, and a porous bone-implant region within a single implant. Overall, this review is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference for further studies of LPBF-processed CoCrMo alloys and to support their continued development in biomedical implants.