Designing to counteract the effects of initial device instability: Materials and engineering

Implants for hard tissue replacement have evolved over the last few decades, but a critical assessment of their design reveals that most dental implants and most orthopedic appliances for any given indication are basically similar in design to their commercial competitors. Some unique features are contained in the outer 0.7 mm, but shadow pictures of the devices could almost be superimposed upon one another. Near-optimal designs have evolved for the materials systems commonly in use. The fight to minimize initial instability of implants, which leads to failure, has caused certain attachment mechanisms to emerge as acceptable, based upon research that indicates firm fixation in bone has resulted in longer average implant lifetime. The problem of initial stabilization is one of materials and design, both of which are necessary for a successful implant system. The nonmetallic calcium phosphate glass and ceramics technology available today provides materials that may counteract the effects of initial device instability by not relying on mechanical means of retention, alone, but chemical as well.