Sounds Discordant: Classical Distance Ladder and ΛCDM-based Determinations of the Cosmological Sound Horizon

Type Ia supernovae, calibrated by classical distance ladder methods, can be used, in conjunction with galaxy survey two-point correlation functions, to empirically determine the size of the sound horizon r s . Assumption of the ΛCDM model, together with data to constrain its parameters, can also be used to determine the size of the sound horizon. Using a variety of cosmic microwave background (CMB) data sets to constrain ΛCDM parameters, we find the model-based sound horizon to be larger than the empirically determined one with a statistical significance of between 2 σ and 3 σ , depending on the data set. If reconciliation requires a change to the cosmological model, we argue that change is likely to be important in the two decades of scale factor evolution prior to recombination. Future CMB observations will therefore likely be able to test any such adjustments; e.g., a third-generation CMB survey like SPT-3G can achieve a threefold improvement in the constraints on r s in the ΛCDM model extended to allow additional light degrees of freedom.