A novel 3D flexible device successfully measured concentric contractile force in ring-shaped smooth muscle tissue, providing a basis for future pharmacological evaluations.
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Should not change practice; leaves open force-based pharmacologic and disease phenotyping of ring-shaped smooth muscle.
-evoked active contraction, with a peak single-pillar force of ∼70 μN. These results demonstrate a calibrated electrical force-readout approach for ring-shaped smooth muscle tissue contractility and establish a device-level basis for future force-based evaluation of pharmacological responses and disease-associated contractile differences.
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Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.
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