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A CIGS solar cell module without a coverglass was demonstrated by a small satellite since October 2005. A coverglass is normally used to protect the cell performance from low-energy (<3MeV) protons in space. This mission evaluates the model to assess the cell performance of CIGS solar cells, which thus far exhibited no degradation by thermal annealing effect in space. Flight data indicates that the performance has showed no degradation for about 900 days.
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Kawakita et al. (2009) studied this question.
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