The nature of the sulfate bond to iron oxides (goethite and hematite) is assessed by infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and the ratio of protons consumed (or hydroxyls released) per sulfate ion sorbed. The sulfate ion bond is strong. It is proposed that sulfate attaches by binuclear bridging over mononuclear exchange. This hypothesis is consistent with the irreversible desorption of sulfate ion from the oxide surfaces.
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Turner et al. (1991) studied this question.
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