Least Costly Energy Management for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles with Noise Emissions Characterization

In this paper, the energy management problem for an electric vehicle equipped with a range extender is addressed. For the first time, the considered global driving cost takes into account also the range extender noise emissions, which can be expressed as function of the generated power. It is shown that the design of the optimal energy management policy can be formalized as a convex optimal control problem under some mild assumptions on the system dynamics. A numerical application considering an electric bus operating in a urban environment, where the noise plays a key role, illustrates the potential of the proposed approach as a tool for hybrid vehicles design.