Survival of Embryos and Larvae of the Frog Polypedates leucomystax in Malaysia

Observations on embryonic and larval survival in Polypedates leucomystax were made near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Twelve field-collected egg masses were examined for the amount and timing of embryonic mortality. Embryonic mortality averaged 34% (limits 0-100%). Four egg masses were infested with the larvae of a calliphorid fly (Lucilia sp.). Survival of tadpoles to early metamorphic climax was 3.4% and 2.8% in two ponds studied under natural conditions. Overall embryonic and larval survival was estimated as 2%. Median survival was about 22 days after hatching. Estimates of the survival of anuran em-