The high level of catalyst performance was attainable in the palladium-catalyzed 1,2-addition of aryl-, heteroaryl-, and alkenylboronic acids to aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes using thioether-imidazolinium chloride L5 as a heterobidentate carbene ligand precursor.
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Kuriyama et al. (2008) studied this question.
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