A reduced-order physics-informed framework for time-dependent ion-assisted moisture degradation in perovskite solar cells

The long-term reliability of perovskite solar cells remains limited by mobile-ion redistribution, interfacial electrostatic disorder, and environmental degradation pathways. Although ion migration and moisture exposure are widely recognized contributors to instability, their combined role in producing time-dependent degradation-rate evolution remains insufficiently resolved. Here, a modular reduced-order physics-informed framework is developed for time-dependent ion-assisted moisture degradation in perovskite solar cells. The framework combines representative ionic redistribution and electrostatic screening profiles with scan-history-dependent current-voltage response, equivalent-circuit impedance, frequency-dependent capacitance, Mott-Schottky distortion, and aging-time degradation kinetics. The explicitly propagated kinetic core follows the sequence (Θ ion (t)→E a,eff (t)→k(t)→η(t)), in which progressive interfacial ionic accumulation lowers the effective barrier for moisture-assisted degradation and produces an increasing degradation rate during aging. The impedance module provides the ionic relaxation time used in the scan-history calculation and the ionic crossover frequency used in the capacitance-frequency analysis, thereby maintaining consistent shared dependencies among the diagnostic modules. Representative calculations generate delayed ionic-equilibration signatures consistent with reported qualitative trends, including low-frequency impedance dispersion, scan-rate-dependent J–V response, enhanced low-frequency apparent capacitance, and distorted low-frequency Mott–Schottky behavior. Scenario-based Monte Carlo propagation of direct kinetic inputs quantifies uncertainty envelopes for normalized efficiency, degradation-rate evolution, and the time required to reach 80% normalized efficiency. The framework is intended as a mechanistic reduced-order representation rather than a self-consistent Poisson-drift-diffusion-Nernst-Planck device solver or a device-specific fitting model. The results provide design guidance for electrostatic stabilization, defect and interface passivation, ion-blocking architectures, and moisture-suppression strategies for improved operational stability.