Novolac/layered silicate nanocomposites were synthesized by condensation polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde catalyzed by H-montmorillonite (H-MMT). Exfoliation of the clay was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It turned out that the intra-gallery condensation of phenol and formaldehyde played a predominant role in the exfoliation of MMT. Exfoliated clay plates with interlayer spacings of 10–30 nm were dispersed in the matrix uniformly as shown by the TEM micrograph.
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Wang et al. (2002) studied this question.
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