Poly( l -lactide) cellulose nanocrystals-filled nanocomposites were fabricated by blending of cellulose nanocrystals- g -rubber- g -poly( d -lactide) (CNC-rD-PDLA) and commercial PLLA, in which CNC- g -rubber was synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of d -lactide and a ε-caprolactone mixture to obtain CNC-P(CL-DLA), followed by further polymerization of d -lactide to obtain CNC-rD-PDLA. X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solubility tests confirmed successful grafting of the rubber segment and the PDLA segment onto CNC. Stereocomplexation between CNC-rD-PDLA nanofillers and PLLA matrix was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization. The PLLA/CNC-rD-PDLA nanocomposites exhibited greatly improved tensile toughness. With 2.5% CNC-rD-PDLA loading, strain at break of PLLA/CNC-rD-PDLA was increased 20-fold, and the composite shows potential to replace poly(ethylene terephthalate). SEM and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) investigations revealed that fibrillation and crazing during deformation of PLLA/CNC-rD-PDLA nanocomposites were the major toughening mechanisms in this system. The highly biodegradable and tough cellulose nanocrystals-filled PLLA nanocomposites could tremendously widen the range of industrial applications of PLA.
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Muiruri et al. (2017) studied this question.
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