Hospital-treated prevalent infections, the plasma proteome and incident dementia among UK older adults

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Participant flowchart UK, United Kingdom.

• 

  Figure 2. Volcano plot of plasma proteomic biomarkers in relation to hospital-treated prevalent infections at baseline assessment: UK biobank 2006–2010 See list of abbreviations for protein abbreviations. Based on a series of multiple linear regression models, with main predictor being prevalent hospital-treated infection (1 = yes, 0 = no) and the outcome being each of 1,463 plasma proteomic biomarkers (Log2 transformed, z-scored). The y axis is the predictor’s associated p value on a -Log10 scale and the X axis is the β coefficient (effect of hospital-treated infection (yes vs. no) on standardized z-scores of plasma proteomic markers) from the multiple linear regression models. An estimate with a Bonferroni corrected p value<0.05 and a lower confidence limit for the 95% CI of effect size >0.25 in absolute value is marked by the plasma proteomic marker abbreviation (See UKB showcase URL: https://biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk/showcase/). Selected proteins (k = 22) for further mediation analysis have a corrected p value<0.05 and a point estimate >0.25 in absolute value (red). All other points are shown in blue (corrected p value<0.05 but effect size<0 but >-0.25), in orange (corrected p < 0.05 but…

• 

  Figure 3. Four-way decomposition of the association between hospital-treated infections and incidence of all-cause dementia by the selected plasma proteomic biomarkers (k = 22): UK biobank 2006–2021 (A) Heatmap for raw 4-way decomposition. Effects could range from 0 to 1.5. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.010; ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (B) Percentages from 4-way decomposition (% of total effect). Proteins are ordered in ascending order of p value for the effect of hospital-treated infections on the protein after correction for multiple testing and extraction of 22 proteins based on effect sizes <-0.25 or >0.25 (gdf15 through ttf3). PCT_CDE (blue): percent of total effect that is a controlled direct effect; PCT_INTREF (orange): percent of total effect that is interaction referent; PCT_INTMED (gray): percent of total effect that is mediated interaction; PCT_PIE (yellow): percent of total effect that is pure indirect effect. AD, Alzheimer’s Disease; ereri_cde, excess relative risk due to neither mediation nor interaction or controlled direct effect; ereri_intmed, excess relative risk due to mediated interaction or mediated interaction; ereri_intref, excess relative risk due to interaction only or interaction…