Green perilla leaf extract ameliorates long-term oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet in aging mice

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Graphical experimental model design in C57BL/6J mice. NDcon, normal diet fed reference group; HDcon, high-fat diet fed group; HDPE, high-fat diet PE treated group (400 mg/kg of body weight).

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  Fig. 2. Radical Scavenging activity of PE. (A) DPPH radical scavenging activities of PE and quercetin at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL). The bar graphs of respective concentrations with different upper scripts differs significantly from each other when compared based on ANOVA Duncan’s multiple comparison test. Data is represented as mean ± SE. Each sample carried out in triplicates. (B) ABTS+ radical scavenging activities of PE and ascorbic acid at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL). The bar graphs of respective concentrations with different upper scripts differs significantly from each other when compared based on ANOVA Duncan’s multiple comparison test. Data is represented as mean ± SE. Each sample carried out in triplicates.

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  Fig. 3. Effect of PE on liver histology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of liver paraffin-embedded sections. Scale bars = 100 µm. NDcon, a normal diet fed reference group, HDcon: high-fat diet fed group; HDPE, high-fat diet PE treated group (400 mg/kg of body weight).

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  Fig. 4. Effect of PE on liver lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters (A) and (B) liver catalase and SOD show an increase pattern in liver tissue. (C) shows a significant increase in GPx levels in liver. (D) and (E) show significant decrease in oxidative stress products MDA and hydrogen peroxide levels in liver tissue of HDPE group compared to HDcon group. (F) and (G) reports a significant decrease in total liver cholesterol and total liver triglycerides in the liver of HDPE compared to HDcon. Each bar represents mean ± SE. ANOVA followed by independent t-test were used to find out statistical significance at P < 0.001. Bars with different upper scripts differs significantly from each other and (*,**) indicates significant difference according to independent t-test P < 0.05 (n = 8). NDcon, normal diet fed reference group; HDcon, high-fat diet fed group; HDPE, high-fat diet PE treated group (400 mg/kg of body weight).

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  Fig. 5. Effect of PE on hepatic gene expression. mRNA expression levels in liver tissue. Bar graphs depicting the mean ± SE mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and genes, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in liver tissue of male CB57J6 mice. Mice divided into three groups; NDcon mice fed regular normal diet, HDcon mice fed high-fat diet and HDPE mice fed high-fat diet with daily oral gavage of PE 400 mg/kg bodyweight (n = 8). Multiple group comparisons were done by one-way ANOVA with a Duncan’s posthoc test. The two HD groups were compared against each other and NDcon. A significant increase in the expression of CAT, Nrf2 and some of its downstream genes and also a substantial non-significant increase in GSTA2 was observed between HDcon and HDPE mice. *,** indicates significant difference according to independent t-test P < 0.05. SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; CAT, catalase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Prdx, peroxiredoxin; NQO1, NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; GPx1, glutathione peroxidase 1; GSTA2, glutathione S-transferase alpha 2; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; NOS, nitric…